{
 "title": "The Sun's activity and space weather",
 "source": "NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center (solar cycle indices and prediction); GFZ Helmholtz Centre Potsdam (Kp index and F10.7 radio flux)",
 "label": "Public data",
 "source_urls": {
  "swpc_observed": "https://services.swpc.noaa.gov/json/solar-cycle/observed-solar-cycle-indices.json",
  "swpc_predicted": "https://services.swpc.noaa.gov/json/solar-cycle/predicted-solar-cycle.json",
  "swpc_cycle_page": "https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/solar-cycle-progression",
  "swpc_panel": "https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/news/solar-cycle-25-preliminary-forecast-released",
  "swpc_scales": "https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/noaa-scales-explanation",
  "swpc_kp_now": "https://services.swpc.noaa.gov/products/noaa-planetary-k-index.json",
  "swpc_dsd": "https://services.swpc.noaa.gov/text/daily-solar-indices.txt",
  "gfz_data": "https://kp.gfz-potsdam.de/app/files/Kp_ap_Ap_SN_F107_since_1932.txt",
  "gfz_page": "https://kp.gfz-potsdam.de/en/data",
  "gfz_doi": "https://doi.org/10.5880/Kp.0001",
  "silso": "https://www.sidc.be/SILSO/datafiles",
  "g5_2024": "https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/news/g5-conditions-observed",
  "g5_2024_second": "https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/news/g5-conditions-reached-yet-again",
  "halloween_2003": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/news/great-halloween-solar-storm-2003",
  "storm_1859": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20050210157"
 },
 "credit": "Solar indices: NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center (swpc.noaa.gov). Kp and F10.7: Matzka, J., Stolle, C., Yamazaki, Y., Bronkalla, O. and Morschhauser, A. (2021), The geomagnetic Kp index and derived indices of geomagnetic activity, Space Weather, doi 10.1029/2020SW002641; data: Geomagnetic Observatory Niemegk, GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences, doi 10.5880/Kp.0001 (CC BY 4.0). F10.7 measured at Penticton by the Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory (NRC Canada) and distributed in the GFZ file.",
 "license": "NOAA SWPC: U.S. government work. GFZ Kp, ap, Ap and F10.7: CC BY 4.0 (the file header excludes only the sunspot numbers, which are CC BY-NC 4.0 and are not used). The international sunspot number (SILSO, CC BY-NC 4.0) is left out; NOAA's JSON field ssn is that number.",
 "retrieved": "2026-10-08",
 "period": "1932 to Oct 8, 2026 (Kp); 1947 to Oct 8, 2026 (F10.7); 1997 to Sep 2026 (NOAA sunspot count)",
 "unit": "F10.7 in solar flux units (1 sfu = 10^-22 W m^-2 Hz^-1); sunspot count as NOAA's own number; Kp from 0 to 9 in thirds; Ap in the index's own units (multiply by 2 nT for an average disturbance); storms by NOAA G-scale from the highest 3-hour Kp of a UT day",
 "query": "NOAA SWPC JSON: observed-solar-cycle-indices, predicted-solar-cycle, noaa-planetary-k-index and the daily solar data text; GFZ Potsdam Kp_ap_Ap_SN_F107_since_1932.txt (one file, 5.5 MB). Annual F10.7 is the mean of GFZ's adjusted daily flux (days with a value). A storm day is a UT day whose highest 3-hour Kp falls in a G level (G1 Kp 5 up to G5 Kp 9; 5- is 4.667, 8- is 7.667, 9- is 8.667 and counts as G4, 9o is G5).",
 "basis": "Radio flux is used for the long record and for the comparison with NOAA's outlook because observation and outlook share one scale and both licences are clear. NOAA's own sunspot count is a different count from the international number the 2019 panel predicted, so the page compares the count only with itself. The record of storms is the GFZ Kp index, which starts in 1932.",
 "caveat": "The longest sunspot record (since 1749) is the international number, whose licence (CC BY-NC) does not clearly allow reuse here, so the sunspot chart starts in 1997 with NOAA's own count. Kp is a 3-hour index, so a storm day is a day with at least one such period at the level; the same storm can span two UT days. Values for the latest months are preliminary (NOAA: the newest 6 months; GFZ: the most recent days are nowcast). Kp before 1932 does not exist: storms such as the 1859 Carrington event are known from other records, with estimates that vary.",
 "release": "NOAA updates the indices monthly and the outlook is refit monthly; GFZ updates Kp daily. Re-run space_solar_activity.py to refresh; --layer refreshes only the small file for the System and Now pages.",
 "kpi": {
  "cycle25_f107_rank_of_7": 5,
  "cycle_peaks_f107": [
   {
    "cycle": "Cycle 19",
    "peak_month": "1958-03",
    "smoothed_f107_sfu": 245.2
   },
   {
    "cycle": "Cycle 20",
    "peak_month": "1970-07",
    "smoothed_f107_sfu": 156.3
   },
   {
    "cycle": "Cycle 21",
    "peak_month": "1981-05",
    "smoothed_f107_sfu": 204.6
   },
   {
    "cycle": "Cycle 22",
    "peak_month": "1989-06",
    "smoothed_f107_sfu": 213.0
   },
   {
    "cycle": "Cycle 23",
    "peak_month": "2002-02",
    "smoothed_f107_sfu": 198.7
   },
   {
    "cycle": "Cycle 24",
    "peak_month": "2014-06",
    "smoothed_f107_sfu": 145.6
   },
   {
    "cycle": "Cycle 25",
    "peak_month": "2024-10",
    "smoothed_f107_sfu": 195.5
   }
  ],
  "f107_latest_annual": {
   "year": "2025",
   "f107_adj_mean": 154.6,
   "days": 363
  },
  "f107_peak_year": {
   "year": "1957",
   "f107_adj_mean": 232.8,
   "days": 362
  },
  "f107_cycle25_peak_smoothed": {
   "month": "2024-10",
   "sfu": 194.5
  },
  "swpc_count_cycle_peaks": {
   "Cycle 23 (since 1997)": {
    "smoothed": 189.0,
    "month": "2002-03"
   },
   "Cycle 24": {
    "smoothed": 124.9,
    "month": "2014-04"
   },
   "Cycle 25": {
    "smoothed": 153.6,
    "month": "2024-10"
   }
  },
  "panel_prediction": {
   "maximum": 115,
   "month": "2025-07",
   "low": 105,
   "high": 125,
   "window": "November 2024 to March 2026"
  },
  "latest_smoothed_f107": {
   "month": "2026-03",
   "observed": 135.5
  },
  "first_outlook_month": "2026-04",
  "first_outlook_f107": 133.4,
  "g_scale_record": {
   "days_g1_or_more": 7437,
   "days_g4_or_more": 376,
   "days_g5": 27,
   "years_covered": 94.8,
   "solar_cycles_covered": 8.6
  },
  "strongest_day": {
   "date": "1960-11-13",
   "label": "1960-11-13",
   "Ap": 280,
   "max_kp": 9.0,
   "g": "G5",
   "event": "",
   "official_summary": "",
   "official_url": "",
   "definitive": true
  },
  "last_g5_day": {
   "date": "2024-05-11",
   "max_kp": 9.0
  },
  "previous_g5_day": {
   "date": "2003-10-30",
   "gap_days": 7499
  },
  "g5_days_in_may_2024": 1,
  "g4_or_more_days_since_may_2024": 10,
  "data_through": "2026-10-08"
 },
 "f107_annual": [
  {
   "year": "1947",
   "f107_adj_mean": 220.6,
   "days": 260
  },
  {
   "year": "1948",
   "f107_adj_mean": 175.1,
   "days": 320
  },
  {
   "year": "1949",
   "f107_adj_mean": 177.6,
   "days": 320
  },
  {
   "year": "1950",
   "f107_adj_mean": 128.2,
   "days": 267
  },
  {
   "year": "1951",
   "f107_adj_mean": 119.7,
   "days": 274
  },
  {
   "year": "1952",
   "f107_adj_mean": 85.7,
   "days": 300
  },
  {
   "year": "1953",
   "f107_adj_mean": 73.9,
   "days": 288
  },
  {
   "year": "1954",
   "f107_adj_mean": 70.3,
   "days": 298
  },
  {
   "year": "1955",
   "f107_adj_mean": 95.6,
   "days": 335
  },
  {
   "year": "1956",
   "f107_adj_mean": 184.7,
   "days": 349
  },
  {
   "year": "1957",
   "f107_adj_mean": 232.8,
   "days": 362
  },
  {
   "year": "1958",
   "f107_adj_mean": 232.0,
   "days": 362
  },
  {
   "year": "1959",
   "f107_adj_mean": 210.3,
   "days": 359
  },
  {
   "year": "1960",
   "f107_adj_mean": 162.1,
   "days": 362
  },
  {
   "year": "1961",
   "f107_adj_mean": 105.5,
   "days": 364
  },
  {
   "year": "1962",
   "f107_adj_mean": 90.5,
   "days": 351
  },
  {
   "year": "1963",
   "f107_adj_mean": 81.3,
   "days": 362
  },
  {
   "year": "1964",
   "f107_adj_mean": 72.5,
   "days": 365
  },
  {
   "year": "1965",
   "f107_adj_mean": 76.4,
   "days": 365
  },
  {
   "year": "1966",
   "f107_adj_mean": 102.2,
   "days": 365
  },
  {
   "year": "1967",
   "f107_adj_mean": 143.2,
   "days": 365
  },
  {
   "year": "1968",
   "f107_adj_mean": 149.1,
   "days": 366
  },
  {
   "year": "1969",
   "f107_adj_mean": 151.1,
   "days": 365
  },
  {
   "year": "1970",
   "f107_adj_mean": 156.0,
   "days": 365
  },
  {
   "year": "1971",
   "f107_adj_mean": 118.2,
   "days": 365
  },
  {
   "year": "1972",
   "f107_adj_mean": 120.9,
   "days": 365
  },
  {
   "year": "1973",
   "f107_adj_mean": 93.4,
   "days": 365
  },
  {
   "year": "1974",
   "f107_adj_mean": 86.7,
   "days": 365
  },
  {
   "year": "1975",
   "f107_adj_mean": 76.1,
   "days": 365
  },
  {
   "year": "1976",
   "f107_adj_mean": 73.4,
   "days": 366
  },
  {
   "year": "1977",
   "f107_adj_mean": 86.9,
   "days": 365
  },
  {
   "year": "1978",
   "f107_adj_mean": 143.5,
   "days": 365
  },
  {
   "year": "1979",
   "f107_adj_mean": 191.6,
   "days": 365
  },
  {
   "year": "1980",
   "f107_adj_mean": 198.5,
   "days": 366
  },
  {
   "year": "1981",
   "f107_adj_mean": 202.6,
   "days": 365
  },
  {
   "year": "1982",
   "f107_adj_mean": 174.8,
   "days": 365
  },
  {
   "year": "1983",
   "f107_adj_mean": 119.9,
   "days": 364
  },
  {
   "year": "1984",
   "f107_adj_mean": 100.9,
   "days": 366
  },
  {
   "year": "1985",
   "f107_adj_mean": 74.8,
   "days": 365
  },
  {
   "year": "1986",
   "f107_adj_mean": 74.0,
   "days": 365
  },
  {
   "year": "1987",
   "f107_adj_mean": 85.4,
   "days": 365
  },
  {
   "year": "1988",
   "f107_adj_mean": 141.1,
   "days": 366
  },
  {
   "year": "1989",
   "f107_adj_mean": 213.4,
   "days": 365
  },
  {
   "year": "1990",
   "f107_adj_mean": 189.8,
   "days": 365
  },
  {
   "year": "1991",
   "f107_adj_mean": 208.0,
   "days": 365
  },
  {
   "year": "1992",
   "f107_adj_mean": 149.9,
   "days": 365
  },
  {
   "year": "1993",
   "f107_adj_mean": 109.6,
   "days": 365
  },
  {
   "year": "1994",
   "f107_adj_mean": 85.6,
   "days": 365
  },
  {
   "year": "1995",
   "f107_adj_mean": 77.2,
   "days": 365
  },
  {
   "year": "1996",
   "f107_adj_mean": 72.1,
   "days": 366
  },
  {
   "year": "1997",
   "f107_adj_mean": 80.9,
   "days": 365
  },
  {
   "year": "1998",
   "f107_adj_mean": 118.0,
   "days": 365
  },
  {
   "year": "1999",
   "f107_adj_mean": 153.8,
   "days": 365
  },
  {
   "year": "2000",
   "f107_adj_mean": 180.4,
   "days": 366
  },
  {
   "year": "2001",
   "f107_adj_mean": 184.1,
   "days": 365
  },
  {
   "year": "2002",
   "f107_adj_mean": 180.0,
   "days": 365
  },
  {
   "year": "2003",
   "f107_adj_mean": 130.1,
   "days": 365
  },
  {
   "year": "2004",
   "f107_adj_mean": 106.7,
   "days": 366
  },
  {
   "year": "2005",
   "f107_adj_mean": 94.2,
   "days": 363
  },
  {
   "year": "2006",
   "f107_adj_mean": 81.3,
   "days": 363
  },
  {
   "year": "2007",
   "f107_adj_mean": 73.1,
   "days": 364
  },
  {
   "year": "2008",
   "f107_adj_mean": 69.0,
   "days": 364
  },
  {
   "year": "2009",
   "f107_adj_mean": 70.5,
   "days": 365
  },
  {
   "year": "2010",
   "f107_adj_mean": 80.0,
   "days": 365
  },
  {
   "year": "2011",
   "f107_adj_mean": 115.5,
   "days": 364
  },
  {
   "year": "2012",
   "f107_adj_mean": 120.0,
   "days": 365
  },
  {
   "year": "2013",
   "f107_adj_mean": 122.7,
   "days": 365
  },
  {
   "year": "2014",
   "f107_adj_mean": 145.9,
   "days": 365
  },
  {
   "year": "2015",
   "f107_adj_mean": 117.7,
   "days": 364
  },
  {
   "year": "2016",
   "f107_adj_mean": 88.7,
   "days": 366
  },
  {
   "year": "2017",
   "f107_adj_mean": 77.3,
   "days": 365
  },
  {
   "year": "2018",
   "f107_adj_mean": 69.9,
   "days": 365
  },
  {
   "year": "2019",
   "f107_adj_mean": 69.7,
   "days": 365
  },
  {
   "year": "2020",
   "f107_adj_mean": 73.6,
   "days": 363
  },
  {
   "year": "2021",
   "f107_adj_mean": 81.7,
   "days": 363
  },
  {
   "year": "2022",
   "f107_adj_mean": 125.0,
   "days": 365
  },
  {
   "year": "2023",
   "f107_adj_mean": 159.7,
   "days": 365
  },
  {
   "year": "2024",
   "f107_adj_mean": 191.5,
   "days": 365
  },
  {
   "year": "2025",
   "f107_adj_mean": 154.6,
   "days": 363
  },
  {
   "year": "2026",
   "f107_adj_mean": 129.1,
   "days": 280
  }
 ],
 "f107_cycle_peaks": [
  {
   "cycle": "Cycle 19",
   "peak_month": "1958-03",
   "smoothed_f107_sfu": 245.2
  },
  {
   "cycle": "Cycle 20",
   "peak_month": "1970-07",
   "smoothed_f107_sfu": 156.3
  },
  {
   "cycle": "Cycle 21",
   "peak_month": "1981-05",
   "smoothed_f107_sfu": 204.6
  },
  {
   "cycle": "Cycle 22",
   "peak_month": "1989-06",
   "smoothed_f107_sfu": 213.0
  },
  {
   "cycle": "Cycle 23",
   "peak_month": "2002-02",
   "smoothed_f107_sfu": 198.7
  },
  {
   "cycle": "Cycle 24",
   "peak_month": "2014-06",
   "smoothed_f107_sfu": 145.6
  },
  {
   "cycle": "Cycle 25",
   "peak_month": "2024-10",
   "smoothed_f107_sfu": 195.5
  }
 ],
 "swpc_sunspot_count": [
  {
   "month": "1997-01",
   "swpc_sunspot_number": 8.68,
   "smoothed": null
  },
  {
   "month": "1997-02",
   "swpc_sunspot_number": 11.32,
   "smoothed": null
  },
  {
   "month": "1997-03",
   "swpc_sunspot_number": 13.71,
   "smoothed": null
  },
  {
   "month": "1997-04",
   "swpc_sunspot_number": 24.47,
   "smoothed": null
  },
  {
   "month": "1997-05",
   "swpc_sunspot_number": 29.61,
   "smoothed": null
  },
  {
   "month": "1997-06",
   "swpc_sunspot_number": 22.07,
   "smoothed": null
  },
  {
   "month": "1997-07",
   "swpc_sunspot_number": 16.97,
   "smoothed": 32.5
  },
  {
   "month": "1997-08",
   "swpc_sunspot_number": 36.13,
   "smoothed": 36.1
  },
  {
   "month": "1997-09",
   "swpc_sunspot_number": 59.33,
   "smoothed": 40.7
  },
  {
   "month": "1997-10",
   "swpc_sunspot_number": 33.65,
   "smoothed": 45.6
  },
  {
   "month": "1997-11",
   "swpc_sunspot_number": 53.47,
   "smoothed": 49.5
  },
  {
   "month": "1997-12",
   "swpc_sunspot_number": 58.29,
   "smoothed": 54.3
  },
  {
   "month": "1998-01",
   "swpc_sunspot_number": 51.84,
   "smoothed": 60.7
  },
  {
   "month": "1998-02",
   "swpc_sunspot_number": 54.36,
   "smoothed": 67.5
  },
  {
   "month": "1998-03",
   "swpc_sunspot_number": 81.81,
   "smoothed": 73.5
  },
  {
   "month": "1998-04",
   "swpc_sunspot_number": 73.57,
   "smoothed": 77.7
  },
  {
   "month": "1998-05",
   "swpc_sunspot_number": 74.29,
   "smoothed": 81.5
  },
  {
   "month": "1998-06",
   "swpc_sunspot_number": 93.57,
   "smoothed": 86.0
  },
  {
   "month": "1998-07",
   "swpc_sunspot_number": 98.26,
   "smoothed": 90.4
  },
  {
   "month": "1998-08",
   "swpc_sunspot_number": 118.61,
   "smoothed": 93.8
  },
  {
   "month": "1998-09",
   "swpc_sunspot_number": 118.97,
   "smoothed": 96.2
  },
  {
   "month": "1998-10",
   "swpc_sunspot_number": 77.03,
   "smoothed": 97.7
  },
  {
   "month": "1998-11",
   "swpc_sunspot_number": 99.47,
   "smoothed": 101.3
  },
  {
   "month": "1998-12",
   "swpc_sunspot_number": 120.77,
   "smoothed": 108.8
  },
  {
   "month": "1999-01",
   "swpc_sunspot_number": 94.26,
   "smoothed": 116.6
  },
  {
   "month": "1999-02",
   "swpc_sunspot_number": 93.39,
   "smoothed": 120.2
  },
  {
   "month": "1999-03",
   "swpc_sunspot_number": 100.45,
   "smoothed": 120.5
  },
  {
   "month": "1999-04",
   "swpc_sunspot_number": 92.93,
   "smoothed": 123.8
  },
  {
   "month": "1999-05",
   "swpc_sunspot_number": 140.55,
   "smoothed": 131.7
  },
  {
   "month": "1999-06",
   "swpc_sunspot_number": 207.97,
   "smoothed": 136.0
  },
  {
   "month": "1999-07",
   "swpc_sunspot_number": 169.19,
   "smoothed": 138.0
  },
  {
   "month": "1999-08",
   "swpc_sunspot_number": 136.1,
   "smoothed": 142.8
  },
  {
   "month": "1999-09",
   "swpc_sunspot_number": 107.37,
   "smoothed": 150.0
  },
  {
   "month": "1999-10",
   "swpc_sunspot_number": 167.68,
   "smoothed": 158.5
  },
  {
   "month": "1999-11",
   "swpc_sunspot_number": 199.3,
   "smoothed": 164.7
  },
  {
   "month": "1999-12",
   "swpc_sunspot_number": 123.52,
   "smoothed": 165.9
  },
  {
   "month": "2000-01",
   "swpc_sunspot_number": 140.81,
   "smoothed": 168.0
  },
  {
   "month": "2000-02",
   "swpc_sunspot_number": 161.86,
   "smoothed": 172.1
  },
  {
   "month": "2000-03",
   "swpc_sunspot_number": 203.61,
   "smoothed": 175.5
  },
  {
   "month": "2000-04",
   "swpc_sunspot_number": 193.37,
   "smoothed": 176.4
  },
  {
   "month": "2000-05",
   "swpc_sunspot_number": 188.81,
   "smoothed": 173.1
  },
  {
   "month": "2000-06",
   "swpc_sunspot_number": 190.1,
   "smoothed": 172.0
  },
  {
   "month": "2000-07",
   "swpc_sunspot_number": 236.68,
   "smoothed": 173.1
  },
  {
   "month": "2000-08",
   "swpc_sunspot_number": 167.0,
   "smoothed": 171.9
  },
  {
   "month": "2000-09",
   "swpc_sunspot_number": 157.87,
   "smoothed": 169.0
  },
  {
   "month": "2000-10",
   "swpc_sunspot_number": 138.9,
   "smoothed": 166.3
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   "g3_or_more": 0,
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   "g3_or_more": 3,
   "g4_or_more": 1
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   "year": "2024",
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   "year": "2025",
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   "year": "2026",
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   "official_url": "https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/news/g5-conditions-observed",
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   "max_kp": 9.0,
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   "official_summary": "",
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   "date": "1941-09-18",
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   "official_url": "",
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   "max_kp": 9.0,
   "g": "G5",
   "event": "",
   "official_summary": "",
   "official_url": "",
   "definitive": true
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   "date": "1946-03-28",
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   "official_summary": "",
   "official_url": "",
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   "date": "1941-03-01",
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   "max_kp": 9.0,
   "g": "G5",
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   "official_summary": "",
   "official_url": "",
   "definitive": true
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   "max_kp": 9.0,
   "g": "G5",
   "event": "October 2003, the Halloween storms",
   "official_summary": "NOAA NCEI: the Halloween solar storms of 2003",
   "official_url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/news/great-halloween-solar-storm-2003",
   "definitive": true
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   "official_url": "",
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   "official_url": "",
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   "official_url": "",
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   "event": "",
   "official_url": "",
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   "date": "2025-06-01",
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   "event": "",
   "official_url": "",
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   "date": "2025-11-12",
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   "event": "",
   "official_url": "",
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   "date": "2026-01-20",
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   "name": "Extreme",
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   "kp_text": "Kp = 9",
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   "days_per_cycle": 4
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  {
   "level": "G4",
   "name": "Severe",
   "kp": 8,
   "kp_text": "Kp = 8, including a 9-",
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   "days_per_cycle": 60
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  {
   "level": "G3",
   "name": "Strong",
   "kp": 7,
   "kp_text": "Kp = 7",
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   "days_per_cycle": 130
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  {
   "level": "G2",
   "name": "Moderate",
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   "kp_text": "Kp = 6",
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   "days_per_cycle": 360
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  {
   "level": "G1",
   "name": "Minor",
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   "days_per_cycle": 900
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   "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/news/great-halloween-solar-storm-2003"
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  {
   "label": "1859, the Carrington storm",
   "summary": "NASA Technical Reports Server: Eyewitness Reports of the Great Auroral Storm of 1859",
   "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20050210157"
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  "gfz_licence_read": true,
  "silso_licence_read": "CC BY-NC",
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}