{
 "id": "space_economy",
 "title": "The U.S. space economy",
 "label": "Public data",
 "source": "U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Space Economy Satellite Account: Space Economy Data, 2012-2023 (released March 31, 2025), cross-checked against BEA's Survey of Current Business article of the same date",
 "source_urls": {
  "bea_space_economy_page": "https://www.bea.gov/data/special-topics/space-economy",
  "data_workbook": "https://www.bea.gov/sites/default/files/2025-03/space-economy-2012-2023.xlsx",
  "survey_of_current_business_article": "https://apps.bea.gov/scb/issues/2025/03-march/0325-space-economy.htm",
  "citing_bea": "https://www.bea.gov/help/guidelines-for-citing-bea"
 },
 "license": "U.S. federal government work, public domain. BEA appreciates a citation and asks that nothing suggest it endorses a product or service.",
 "credit": "U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Space Economy Satellite Account, March 31, 2025 release.",
 "retrieved": "2026-10-08",
 "period": "2012 to 2023 (annual)",
 "release": "BEA release of March 31, 2025, the latest and final one: BEA's page now states it will no longer regularly produce these statistics (page last modified 3/11/26).",
 "unit": "Millions of current dollars (output, value added, compensation); millions of chained (2017) dollars (real series); thousands of full- and part-time employees (jobs); thousands of dollars per employee (derived)",
 "basis": "Gross output is the value of everything the space economy sells. Value added (BEA's space-economy GDP) is gross output minus the goods and services bought from other industries. Jobs are private-sector employees only: government employees are not counted, although government output is. The space economy means space-related goods and services, public and private: those used or made in space, those that need direct input from space, and those that study space. Real series are chained (2017) dollars: they show growth net of price changes and, being chained, do not add up across lines, so this page compares real growth rates only.",
 "query": "No API. Downloaded BEA's workbook and read six sheets by line number (1 real value added, 2 value added, 4 real gross output, 5 gross output, 7 employment, 8 compensation), after checking each sheet's title, units, update date, year header (2012 to 2023) and line numbering. Checked that total = private + government in tables 2 and 5, that private = the sum of its top-level industries within rounding, and that all 18 figures in Table 1 of BEA's article (levels, 2023 growth, average annual growth of six series) equal this script's results.",
 "caveat": "This is a satellite account built by BEA from other statistics and models, with revisions: 2023 is new and 2012 to 2022 were revised in March 2025. BEA will not update it regularly, so the page ends at 2023. Government output is measured as spending on employee pay and use of capital (BEA's convention), not what government buys from companies, which sits inside the private industries. Satellite television and radio, and educational services (courses that use space data), are inside the definition; BEA's addendum line removes them for a narrower reading. Industry lines are NAICS 2017 industries, so a segment such as computer and electronic products includes satellite and navigation equipment but is not a list of satellite makers. Employment counts employees only, not the self-employed. Chained-dollar values are an index-like measure; read the growth rates, not the levels. Small lines are suppressed or rounded to zero by BEA.",
 "latest": {
  "year": 2023,
  "gross_output_musd": 240891,
  "value_added_musd": 142526,
  "private_jobs_thousands": 373,
  "private_compensation_musd": 57924
 },
 "headline_2023": {
  "gross_output_musd": 240891,
  "value_added_musd": 142526,
  "private_jobs_thousands": 373,
  "private_compensation_musd": 57924,
  "government_share_of_gross_output_pct": 20.1,
  "government_share_of_value_added_pct": 25.0,
  "value_added_share_of_us_gdp_pct_per_bea": 0.5,
  "compensation_per_employee_thousand_usd": 155.3
 },
 "change_2012_2023": {
  "gross_output_pct": 27.2,
  "value_added_pct": 28.4,
  "real_gross_output_pct": 10.6,
  "real_value_added_pct": 13.7,
  "private_jobs_pct": -13.9,
  "private_jobs_change_thousands": -60,
  "compensation_pct": 30.3,
  "compensation_per_employee_pct": 51.4
 },
 "real_value_added_peak": {
  "year": "2016",
  "musd": 123054
 },
 "jobs_peak": {
  "year": "2012",
  "thousands": 433
 },
 "jobs_low": {
  "year": "2021",
  "thousands": 351
 },
 "by_year": [
  {
   "year": "2012",
   "gross_output_musd": 189438,
   "value_added_musd": 110992,
   "real_gross_output_musd": 182757,
   "real_value_added_musd": 101966,
   "private_jobs_thousands": 433,
   "private_compensation_musd": 44438,
   "compensation_per_employee_thousand_usd": 102.6,
   "government_gross_output_musd": 29343,
   "private_gross_output_musd": 160095,
   "value_added_to_gross_output_pct": 58.6
  },
  {
   "year": "2013",
   "gross_output_musd": 195060,
   "value_added_musd": 118492,
   "real_gross_output_musd": 190256,
   "real_value_added_musd": 111559,
   "private_jobs_thousands": 432,
   "private_compensation_musd": 45211,
   "compensation_per_employee_thousand_usd": 104.7,
   "government_gross_output_musd": 29362,
   "private_gross_output_musd": 165699,
   "value_added_to_gross_output_pct": 60.7
  },
  {
   "year": "2014",
   "gross_output_musd": 198159,
   "value_added_musd": 116827,
   "real_gross_output_musd": 195919,
   "real_value_added_musd": 113173,
   "private_jobs_thousands": 426,
   "private_compensation_musd": 45941,
   "compensation_per_employee_thousand_usd": 107.8,
   "government_gross_output_musd": 30319,
   "private_gross_output_musd": 167839,
   "value_added_to_gross_output_pct": 59.0
  },
  {
   "year": "2015",
   "gross_output_musd": 205244,
   "value_added_musd": 123034,
   "real_gross_output_musd": 205707,
   "real_value_added_musd": 121868,
   "private_jobs_thousands": 424,
   "private_compensation_musd": 48237,
   "compensation_per_employee_thousand_usd": 113.8,
   "government_gross_output_musd": 31349,
   "private_gross_output_musd": 173895,
   "value_added_to_gross_output_pct": 59.9
  },
  {
   "year": "2016",
   "gross_output_musd": 204806,
   "value_added_musd": 122521,
   "real_gross_output_musd": 206542,
   "real_value_added_musd": 123054,
   "private_jobs_thousands": 411,
   "private_compensation_musd": 47959,
   "compensation_per_employee_thousand_usd": 116.7,
   "government_gross_output_musd": 32080,
   "private_gross_output_musd": 172726,
   "value_added_to_gross_output_pct": 59.8
  },
  {
   "year": "2017",
   "gross_output_musd": 207911,
   "value_added_musd": 122183,
   "real_gross_output_musd": 207911,
   "real_value_added_musd": 122183,
   "private_jobs_thousands": 399,
   "private_compensation_musd": 49104,
   "compensation_per_employee_thousand_usd": 123.1,
   "government_gross_output_musd": 32122,
   "private_gross_output_musd": 175789,
   "value_added_to_gross_output_pct": 58.8
  },
  {
   "year": "2018",
   "gross_output_musd": 209100,
   "value_added_musd": 121296,
   "real_gross_output_musd": 205358,
   "real_value_added_musd": 119387,
   "private_jobs_thousands": 387,
   "private_compensation_musd": 48686,
   "compensation_per_employee_thousand_usd": 125.8,
   "government_gross_output_musd": 33946,
   "private_gross_output_musd": 175153,
   "value_added_to_gross_output_pct": 58.0
  },
  {
   "year": "2019",
   "gross_output_musd": 216523,
   "value_added_musd": 128189,
   "real_gross_output_musd": 208510,
   "real_value_added_musd": 122860,
   "private_jobs_thousands": 390,
   "private_compensation_musd": 52606,
   "compensation_per_employee_thousand_usd": 134.9,
   "government_gross_output_musd": 37824,
   "private_gross_output_musd": 178698,
   "value_added_to_gross_output_pct": 59.2
  },
  {
   "year": "2020",
   "gross_output_musd": 209460,
   "value_added_musd": 124239,
   "real_gross_output_musd": 200271,
   "real_value_added_musd": 118004,
   "private_jobs_thousands": 365,
   "private_compensation_musd": 51661,
   "compensation_per_employee_thousand_usd": 141.5,
   "government_gross_output_musd": 38439,
   "private_gross_output_musd": 171021,
   "value_added_to_gross_output_pct": 59.3
  },
  {
   "year": "2021",
   "gross_output_musd": 214301,
   "value_added_musd": 125219,
   "real_gross_output_musd": 194131,
   "real_value_added_musd": 111560,
   "private_jobs_thousands": 351,
   "private_compensation_musd": 52655,
   "compensation_per_employee_thousand_usd": 150.0,
   "government_gross_output_musd": 40308,
   "private_gross_output_musd": 173993,
   "value_added_to_gross_output_pct": 58.4
  },
  {
   "year": "2022",
   "gross_output_musd": 234618,
   "value_added_musd": 134077,
   "real_gross_output_musd": 203295,
   "real_value_added_musd": 115265,
   "private_jobs_thousands": 361,
   "private_compensation_musd": 54975,
   "compensation_per_employee_thousand_usd": 152.3,
   "government_gross_output_musd": 44397,
   "private_gross_output_musd": 190221,
   "value_added_to_gross_output_pct": 57.1
  },
  {
   "year": "2023",
   "gross_output_musd": 240891,
   "value_added_musd": 142526,
   "real_gross_output_musd": 202094,
   "real_value_added_musd": 115962,
   "private_jobs_thousands": 373,
   "private_compensation_musd": 57924,
   "compensation_per_employee_thousand_usd": 155.3,
   "government_gross_output_musd": 48494,
   "private_gross_output_musd": 192397,
   "value_added_to_gross_output_pct": 59.2
  }
 ],
 "segments": [
  {
   "line": 11,
   "label": "Construction",
   "gross_output_2012_musd": 347,
   "gross_output_2023_musd": 1532,
   "real_gross_output_2012_musd": 383,
   "real_gross_output_2023_musd": 1077,
   "real_change_pct": 181.2,
   "real_cagr_pct": 9.9,
   "share_of_2023_gross_output_pct": 0.6
  },
  {
   "line": 92,
   "label": "Federal national defense",
   "gross_output_2012_musd": 5308,
   "gross_output_2023_musd": 13455,
   "real_gross_output_2012_musd": 5525,
   "real_gross_output_2023_musd": 11074,
   "real_change_pct": 100.4,
   "real_cagr_pct": 6.5,
   "share_of_2023_gross_output_pct": 5.6
  },
  {
   "line": 75,
   "label": "Educational services",
   "gross_output_2012_musd": 2059,
   "gross_output_2023_musd": 4675,
   "real_gross_output_2012_musd": 2162,
   "real_gross_output_2023_musd": 4146,
   "real_change_pct": 91.8,
   "real_cagr_pct": 6.1,
   "share_of_2023_gross_output_pct": 1.9
  },
  {
   "line": 68,
   "label": "Computer systems design and related services",
   "gross_output_2012_musd": 723,
   "gross_output_2023_musd": 1205,
   "real_gross_output_2012_musd": 708,
   "real_gross_output_2023_musd": 1279,
   "real_change_pct": 80.6,
   "real_cagr_pct": 5.5,
   "share_of_2023_gross_output_pct": 0.5
  },
  {
   "line": 19,
   "label": "Computer and electronic products",
   "gross_output_2012_musd": 32473,
   "gross_output_2023_musd": 30062,
   "real_gross_output_2012_musd": 20693,
   "real_gross_output_2023_musd": 34993,
   "real_change_pct": 69.1,
   "real_cagr_pct": 4.9,
   "share_of_2023_gross_output_pct": 12.5
  },
  {
   "line": 96,
   "label": "State and local government",
   "gross_output_2012_musd": 2600,
   "gross_output_2023_musd": 4932,
   "real_gross_output_2012_musd": 2623,
   "real_gross_output_2023_musd": 4388,
   "real_change_pct": 67.3,
   "real_cagr_pct": 4.8,
   "share_of_2023_gross_output_pct": 2.0
  },
  {
   "line": 53,
   "label": "Data processing, internet publishing, and other information services",
   "gross_output_2012_musd": 822,
   "gross_output_2023_musd": 1674,
   "real_gross_output_2012_musd": 906,
   "real_gross_output_2023_musd": 1308,
   "real_change_pct": 44.4,
   "real_cagr_pct": 3.4,
   "share_of_2023_gross_output_pct": 0.7
  },
  {
   "line": 34,
   "label": "Wholesale trade",
   "gross_output_2012_musd": 30469,
   "gross_output_2023_musd": 54183,
   "real_gross_output_2012_musd": 29109,
   "real_gross_output_2023_musd": 36402,
   "real_change_pct": 25.1,
   "real_cagr_pct": 2.1,
   "share_of_2023_gross_output_pct": 22.5
  },
  {
   "line": 69,
   "label": "Miscellaneous professional, scientific, and technical services",
   "gross_output_2012_musd": 9693,
   "gross_output_2023_musd": 15557,
   "real_gross_output_2012_musd": 10485,
   "real_gross_output_2023_musd": 13113,
   "real_change_pct": 25.1,
   "real_cagr_pct": 2.1,
   "share_of_2023_gross_output_pct": 6.5
  },
  {
   "line": 22,
   "label": "Other transportation equipment",
   "gross_output_2012_musd": 19867,
   "gross_output_2023_musd": 26716,
   "real_gross_output_2012_musd": 20539,
   "real_gross_output_2023_musd": 23534,
   "real_change_pct": 14.6,
   "real_cagr_pct": 1.2,
   "share_of_2023_gross_output_pct": 11.1
  },
  {
   "line": 41,
   "label": "Air transportation",
   "gross_output_2012_musd": 970,
   "gross_output_2023_musd": 1199,
   "real_gross_output_2012_musd": 917,
   "real_gross_output_2023_musd": 1015,
   "real_change_pct": 10.7,
   "real_cagr_pct": 0.9,
   "share_of_2023_gross_output_pct": 0.5
  },
  {
   "line": 44,
   "label": "Truck transportation",
   "gross_output_2012_musd": 710,
   "gross_output_2023_musd": 1100,
   "real_gross_output_2012_musd": 729,
   "real_gross_output_2023_musd": 789,
   "real_change_pct": 8.2,
   "real_cagr_pct": 0.7,
   "share_of_2023_gross_output_pct": 0.5
  },
  {
   "line": 93,
   "label": "Federal nondefense (includes NASA)",
   "gross_output_2012_musd": 21432,
   "gross_output_2023_musd": 30103,
   "real_gross_output_2012_musd": 23373,
   "real_gross_output_2023_musd": 24930,
   "real_change_pct": 6.7,
   "real_cagr_pct": 0.6,
   "share_of_2023_gross_output_pct": 12.5
  },
  {
   "line": 52,
   "label": "Broadcasting and telecommunications",
   "gross_output_2012_musd": 56222,
   "gross_output_2023_musd": 48810,
   "real_gross_output_2012_musd": 59432,
   "real_gross_output_2023_musd": 41277,
   "real_change_pct": -30.5,
   "real_cagr_pct": -3.3,
   "share_of_2023_gross_output_pct": 20.3
  }
 ],
 "segments_rule": "The finest industry lines of BEA's table (lines with no sub-lines) with at least $1,000 million of gross output in 2023; sorted by real gross output growth, 2012 to 2023.",
 "segments_cover_pct_of_2023_gross_output": 97.6,
 "fastest": {
  "line": 11,
  "label": "Construction",
  "gross_output_2012_musd": 347,
  "gross_output_2023_musd": 1532,
  "real_gross_output_2012_musd": 383,
  "real_gross_output_2023_musd": 1077,
  "real_change_pct": 181.2,
  "real_cagr_pct": 9.9,
  "share_of_2023_gross_output_pct": 0.6
 },
 "slowest": {
  "line": 52,
  "label": "Broadcasting and telecommunications",
  "gross_output_2012_musd": 56222,
  "gross_output_2023_musd": 48810,
  "real_gross_output_2012_musd": 59432,
  "real_gross_output_2023_musd": 41277,
  "real_change_pct": -30.5,
  "real_cagr_pct": -3.3,
  "share_of_2023_gross_output_pct": 20.3
 },
 "narrower_definition": {
  "label": "Space economy excluding satellite television, satellite radio, and educational services (BEA addendum)",
  "gross_output_2023_musd": 204884,
  "value_added_2023_musd": 123475
 },
 "article_table_1_check": {
  "article": "https://apps.bea.gov/scb/issues/2025/03-march/0325-space-economy.htm",
  "rows": [
   {
    "series": "GDP",
    "level_2023": 142526,
    "growth_2023_pct": 6.3,
    "average_annual_growth_2012_2023_pct": 2.4
   },
   {
    "series": "Real GDP, chained (2017) dollars",
    "level_2023": 115962,
    "growth_2023_pct": 0.6,
    "average_annual_growth_2012_2023_pct": 1.3
   },
   {
    "series": "Gross output",
    "level_2023": 240891,
    "growth_2023_pct": 2.7,
    "average_annual_growth_2012_2023_pct": 2.3
   },
   {
    "series": "Real gross output, chained (2017) dollars",
    "level_2023": 202094,
    "growth_2023_pct": -0.6,
    "average_annual_growth_2012_2023_pct": 1.0
   },
   {
    "series": "Private compensation",
    "level_2023": 57924,
    "growth_2023_pct": 5.4,
    "average_annual_growth_2012_2023_pct": 2.5
   },
   {
    "series": "Private employment, full- and part-time employees",
    "level_2023": 373000,
    "growth_2023_pct": 3.3,
    "average_annual_growth_2012_2023_pct": -1.3
   }
  ],
  "mismatches": 0,
  "average_annual_growth_method": "mean of the 11 yearly percentage changes (reproduces BEA's published averages)"
 },
 "row_count": 12
}